Stem Cell in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Foundational microorganism in the Philippines Essay As time passes by, there is by all accounts a continuous impact of present day reasonableness in transit people see the idea of wellbeing. Truth be told, these days, there is by all accounts an obscuring of the line among wellbeing and health. Along these lines, it is inescapable that in a cutting edge society, individuals are presently being progressively cognizant with their body and their wellbeing is currently being a troubling for them. Accordingly, science, particularly the field of medication and wellbeing sciences, has penetrated mainstream society it could be said that individuals have just regarded wellbeing as a â€Å"religion†. An ideal case of this wonder is the rising ubiquity of undifferentiated cell innovation since it has just become a transnational movement and issue. On account of this technology’s transnational impact, governments around the globe have been strong of it. What's more, presently, this transnational action has entered the Philippine social insurance and clinical talk, and issues in its subsidizing are emerging. In spite of the fact that undeveloped cell innovation is a moderately new and promising innovation which will help address wellbeing worries in the nation, the administrative subsidizing of this innovation may be a weight for the legislature for it's anything but a need, has flawed advantages, and is illogical and not practicable. This paper, at that point, looks to decide the source of how the idea of undifferentiated organism entered the Philippine wellbeing and clinical talk just as issues with respect to the government financing of immature microorganism exploration and innovation in the nation. Moreover, the essayist needs to express that despite the fact that this paper is contending that the administration ought not finance undeveloped cell research in the nation, this paper isn't attempting to contend on the need, beneficiality, common sense, and practicability of undifferentiated organism exploration and innovation when all is said in done, or should it be executed in the nation without government subsidizing. Additionally, albeit a few issues of bioethics will be handled in this paper, the author doesn't expect to side on specific convictions of some culture or religion. The conversation on the moral issues associated with the government financing of foundational microorganism examination and innovat ion are altogether made on a social, political, and monetary premise. In any case, before the paper starts on enrolling the contentions against the government financing of immature microorganism exploration and innovation in the nation, it will initially give a foundation of how it went to the Philippine setting. Beginning now based on what was expressed in the presentation, that advanced reasonableness has bit by bit affected people’s impression of the idea of wellbeing, it is imperative to take note of that with current innovation it has given a road to clinical exploration to constantly reveal new realities and rules that expand after existing information to alter the manner in which we consider natural procedures (Trounson xix). Corresponding to this, all through the time of clinical examination, it tends to be construed that the motivation behind why there is a persistent movement with respect to clinical exploration is on the grounds that there is a developing enthusiasm among researchers in the revelation of new and progressive techniques for rewarding certain sicknesses that are hard to be treated in the current like malignancy, diabetes, and other degenerative diseases. The facts demonstrate that after the nineteenth century, it was felt that â€Å"germs† are the fundamental driver of death among Americans regarding wellbeing related passings. In any case, with the introduction of the twentieth century and the blasting twenties, there has been a change in outlook in attempting to discover the reasons for wellbeing related setbacks. It was accepted then that as ages come, individuals will be more cognizant to degenerative sicknesses than that of irresistible infections. From that point forward, there have been numerous examinations that attempt to offer fix to these degenerative diseases like malignant growth, diabetes, and so on. Also, truly, there have been effective revelations, and there are a few disappointments or â€Å"still ongoing† contemplates like the endeavor to discover the remedy for diabetes. These at that point, can be the method of reasoning behind the interminable series of studies in the field of medication and wellbeing sciences. In any case, it is additionally without question that the motivation behind why researchers are so intrigued with clinical exploration is that, in a social setting, the field of medication and wellbeing sciences attempts to give relevant answers for the people’s needs, needs, and interests in having a sound way of life, being sheltered from illnesses, and in having an excellent and solid body. It is captivating, however, to realize that clinical exploration is likewise being impacted by the enthusiasm of the individuals, of the mass to be progressively explicit. From this, we would then be able to accept that wellbeing has been promoted as of now. Truth be told, after the main portion of the twentieth century, in the last period of the advocacy of wellbeing, masses of Americans took a unique enthusiasm for wellbeing as appeared in their eagerness on going through drastically expanded measures of cash for their wellbeing, on clinical consideration as well as exercise center and comparative gathering participations and stuff also to have the option to have a sound way of life, subsequently obscuring the line among wellbeing and health (Burnham 67). It is then without question, as indicated by Trounson that â€Å"in the historical backdrop of science, certain disclosures have to be sure changed our reasoning and made open doors for significant progression, thus it is with the revelation of undeveloped cell technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (xix). To be sure, if there is to be a case of how the field of wellbeing and therapeutic sciences became promoted, it is the ascent of the immature microorganism. It was November of the year 1998 that foundational microorganism went to the area of wellbeing in mainstream society. There were isolated declarations in this time by two gatherings of clinical scientists, lead by James A. Thomson of the University of Wisconsin and John Gearhart of the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, about the seclusion of the human immature microorganism. That’s why as of late there has been an expanded enthusiasm among experts and the general population for the immature microorganism innovation other than any fields in science. Be that as it may, for what reason is there such an enthusiasm for immature microorganism? The capacity of the immature microorganism to give a top to bottom comprehension of the science of the cell and its promising capacities in the field of medication are the reasons why undifferentiated cell is the thing that getting the creative mind of the researchers. They are keen on the immature microorganism in view of its property of self-recharging (the capacity to deliver cells indistinguishable from the mother cell) and the capacity to make separated cells (little girl cells that have constrained and centered potential) (Melton and Cowen xxiii). It is a generally new and promising innovation that can prompt the remedy for diabetes and further developed treatment of malignancy and other degenerative sicknesses. Moreover, there is a likelihood that through regenerative medication that utilizes foundational microorganism, malignant growth and coronary illness would now be able to be restored. In any case, what makes immature microorganism innovation a buzz among general society is on the grounds that it has been a hit in the field of cosmetology for foundational microorganism innovation can forestall body maturing. Additionally, through the advocacy of the undifferentiated cell, there have been sure speculations that foundational microorganism innovation can drag out someone’s life range thinks about to the normal human life expectancy. In view of the advocacy of immature microorganism, it is without question that it will end up being a worldwide issue. Its effect has made transnational impact as of now. It is on the grounds that by and by, science is a transnational movement †the work and examination of researchers have no national limit (Savulescu and Saunders c3). Be that as it may, the guideline of science is as yet being set under national purview. Usually there are various laws and moral guidelines in every nation, and obviously, transnational examinations in science are being influenced. This infers there are â€Å"some central social, social, [political], and financial powers that drives contention and strife, in the United States, yet in Europe and elsewhere† (Green 265). Because of this, there have been proposals from various gatherings from mainstream researchers work in immature microorganism examination and innovation that there ought to be a guideline of undeveloped cell research in various nations due to the capability of this innovation particularly if the organizations will give significance for the governmental issues of general wellbeing (Savulescu and Saunders c3). Later on, as a result of this transnational impact, there has been a relentless help from governments everywhere throughout the world for undeveloped cell innovation and in the exertion of making undifferentiated organism exploration and innovation a transnational movement, likewise because of the transnational coordinated effort of researchers from various nations to confer among themselves information about immature microorganism innovation. One of these nations is the United States which spearheaded research in this field, where present day clinical strategies were created utilizing this innovation. Actually, foundational microorganism research has a long history as of now in the US. There have been discusses in regards to the moral issues related with undifferentiated cell innovation, explicitly the utilization of human undeveloped foundational microorganisms, and issues in regards to the government financing of immature microorganism examination and innovation. Just last 2009, US President Barack Obama endorsed the bill correcting the government financing of foundational microorganism exploration and innovation in the US. It is additionally critical to take note of that different nations in Asia and other underdeveloped nations have been affected by this transnational movement. In 2004, three private undifferentiated cell banks were built up in South Africa. Despite the fact that, these banks were private, the administration has indicated premium and backing for these private exploration elements and undifferentiated cell research too in light of the Human Tissue Act that permits the utilization of human incipient organisms that are not over 14 days old in their examination ventures. Last March 2012, a gathering of researchers from the Cou

Jupiter Moons Essay Example For Students

Jupiter Moons Essay Jupiter, the biggest of the Jovian planets, rules all through the solarsystem. Named after the Roman god Jove, the leader of Olympus; Jupiter isthe fifth planet from the sun and is additionally the biggest planet in the Earthssolar framework. It is multiple times moremassive than Earth and is 66% of theplanetary mass in the close planetary system. Jupiters surface, in contrast to earth, is gaseousand not a strong. It is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium with hints of methane,ammonia, water and rock. Jupiters inside is fundamentally the same as the Sunsinterior yet with a far lower temperature.(Columbia) However, it is stillunknown for certain, yet Jupiter is accepted to have a center of fluid metallichydrogen. This outlandish component must be accomplished at a weight more prominent than 4million bars. Jupiter emanates more vitality in space than it gets from thesun. Jupiters circle lies past the space rock belt at a mean separation ofc.483 million mi (773 million km) from the sun; i ts time of insurgency is11.86 years. (Seeds) In request from the sun it is the first of the Jovianplanets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), extremely enormous, gigantic planets ofrelatively low thickness, having fast pivot and a thick, misty environment. Jupiter has a breadth of 88,679 mi (142,800 km), in excess of multiple times thatof the earth. Its mass is multiple times that of the earth and around 2 1/2 times themass of allother planets joined. (Columbia) An estimation of thediameter of Jupiter decided the planets polar straightening. The leveling ofJupiter was uncovered by Pioneer to be somewhat more noteworthy than that determined fromthe best Earth-based estimations. The distance across of the planet was measuredat a weight of 800 mbar close to the cloud best (a bar is generally equivalent to thepressure of 1 atm of Earth). Its polar width is 133,540 km (82,980 miles) andits tropical breadth is142, 796 kilometers (88,732 miles). (Seeds)These values were set up by the planning of the occultation of the spacecraftby Jupiter. Hence, Jupiter is almost multiple times more swelled than Earth,principally on account of its non-strong state and its higher pace of revolution. Theaverage thickness of Jupiter, determined from its mass an d volume, was confirmedas 1.33 gm/cm^3 (the thickness of water is 1). The environment of Jupiter iscomposed for the most part of hydrogen, helium, methane, and smelling salts. It shows up theatmosphere is separated into various light and dim groups corresponding to itsequator and shows a scope of complex highlights, including a continuous tempest calledthe Great Red Spot, situated in its southern half of the globe and estimating 16,150 milong by 8,700 mi wide (26,000 by 14,000 km). (Columbia) This Great RedSpot is as yet present in Jupiters environment, over 300 years after the fact. It isnow realized that it is a tremendous tempest, turning like a typhoon. Dissimilar to a low-pressure tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea, in any case, the Red Spot turns in acounterclockwise course in the southern side of the equator, indicating that it is ahigh-pressure framework. Winds inside this Jovian tempest arrive at paces of about270 mph. The Red Spot is the biggest known tempest in the Solar System. With adiameter of 15,400 miles, it is double the size of the whole Earth andone-6th the distance across of Jupiter itself. (Fimmel) The Great Red Spot wasfirst recognized by Robert Hooke in 1664. Jupiter has no strong stone surface. Onetheory pictures a progressive change from the external smelling salts mists to a thicklayer of solidified gases lastly to a fluid or strong hydrogen mantle. The Spot and different markings of the air likewise give proof forJupiters quick revolution, which has a time of around 9 hr 55 min. This rotationcauses a polar smoothing of over 6%. (Columbia) The temperature ofJupiter ranges from about - 190? F (- 124?C) for the obvious surface of theatmosphere, to 9? F (- 13? C) at lower cloud levels; confined locales reach ashigh as 40? F (4? C) at still lower cloud levels close to the equator. Jupiterradiates around four fold the amount of warmth vitality as it gets from the sun,suggesting an inside warmth source. This vitality is believed to be expected partially toa moderate withdrawal of the planet. Jupiter is likewise described by intensenon-warm radio emanation; in the 15-m run it is the most grounded radio sourcein the sky. Jupiter has a basic ring framework that is made out of an inward halo,a fundamental ring and a Gossamer ring. To the Voyager shuttle, the Gossamer ringappeared to be a solitary ring, yet Galileo symbolism gave the unexp ecteddiscovery that Gossamer is extremely two rings. One ring is implanted inside theother. The rings are dubious and are made out of residue particles kicked upas interplanetary meteoroids crush into Jupiters four little inward moons Metis,Adrastea, Thebe, and Amalthea. A large number of the particles are infinitesimal in size. The deepest corona ring is toroidal fit as a fiddle and expands radially fromabout 92,000 kilometers (57,000 miles) to around 122,500 kilometers (76,000miles) from Jupiters focus. It is shaped as fine particles of residue from themain rings inward limit sprout outward as they fall toward the planet.(A Role Of Airplanes In World War II EssayIt circles Jupiter each 7.2 days a good ways off of 1.1 million km/700,000 mi. Its surface is a blend of cratered and scored territory. Molecularoxygen was recognized on Ganymedes surface in 1994 (Ganymede;Helicon). The space test Galileo recognized an attractive field around Ganymede in 1996;this recommends it might have a liquid center. (Hamilton). Galileo photographedGanymede a ways off of 7,448 km/4,628 mi. The subsequent pictures were 17 timesclearer than those taken by Voyager 2 out of 1979, and demonstrate the surface to beextensively cratered and furrowed, presumably because of powers like thosethat make mountains on Earth. Galileo additionally distinguished atoms containingboth carbon and nitrogen on a superficial level March 1997. Their quality may indicatethat Ganymede harbored life sooner or later (Hamilton). Callisto is theeighth of Jupiters known satellites and the second biggest. It is the outermostof the Galilean moons and was found by Galileo and Marius in 1610. UnlikeGanymede, Callisto appears to have minimal inward structure; However, there aresigns from late Galileo information that the inside materials have settledpartially, with the level of rock expanding toward the middle . Callistois about 40% ice and 60% stone/iron (Callisto;Helicon). Callistos surfaceis secured completely with holes. The surface is old, similar to the good countries ofthe Moon and Mars. Callisto has the most established, most cratered surface of anyone yet saw in the nearby planetary group; having experienced little change other thanthe periodic effect for 4 billion years (Callisto;Helicon). Thelargest cavities are encircled by a progression of concentric rings that look likehuge splits however which have been streamlined by ages of sluggish development of theice. The biggest of these has been named Valhalla (right). 4000 km in diameter,Valhalla is a sensational case of a multi-ring bowl, the aftereffect of a massiveimpact (Callisto;Helicon). As far as the mass of Earths Moon,the masses of the Galilean satellites arranged by good ways from Jupiter werefound to be: Io, 1.21; Europa, 0.65; Ganymede, 2.02; and Callisto, 1.46. Themass of Io was 23% more noteworthy than that assessed b efore the Pioneer odyssey. Thedensity of the satellites diminishes with expanding good ways from Jupiter andwas refined because of Pioneers perceptions. Ios thickness is 3.52;Europas, 3.28; Ganymedes, 1.95; and Callistos, 1.63 gm/cm^3. The outersatellites, on account of their low thickness, could comprise to a great extent of water andice. Every one of the four satellites were found to have normal sunlight surfacetemperatures of around 140 C (- 220 F) (Columbia). A second gathering iscomprised of the four deepest satellitesMetis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. Found by E. E. Barnard in 1892, Amalthea has an oval shape and is 168 mi(270 km) long. Metis and Adrastea circle near Jupiters slender ring system;material launched out from these moons keeps up the ring. The last groupconsists of the eight outstanding satellites, none bigger than c.110 mi (180 km)in distance across. Four of the external eight satellites situated from 14 million to16 million mi from Jupiter (22 million-26 million km), have retrograde motion,i.e., movement inverse to that of the planets revolution. The other four havedirect circles. It is guessed that each of the eight may be caught asteroids(Seeds). At the point when it is in the evening time sky, Jupiter is frequently the brighteststar in the sky (it is second just to Venus, which is only from time to time visiblein a dull sky). The four Galilean moons are effectively obvious with optics; afew groups and the Great Red Spot can be seen with a little astronomicaltelescope. Jupiter is step by step easing back down beca use of the tidal drag producedby the Galilean satellites. By what method will this impact it and its moons? We currentlyknow that the equivalent tidal powers that are easing back Jupiter down are changing theorbits of the moons, gradually driving them more distant from Jupiter. Asadditional information is accumulated and innovation empowers another fronitier, just thenwill we know the destiny of Jupiter. Up to that point we can just theorize its finallife as a Jovian planet. BibliographyBibliography The Columbia Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition. Copyright ?1993,Columbia University Press. Authorized from Lernout ; Hauspie Speech ProductsUSA, Inc. Pioneer: First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond: Chapter 6A Results AtThe New Frontier; Fimmel, Richard O.; Van Allen, James; Burgess, Eric;09-01-1990 Ganymede; ( The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science ) ; 01-01-1998,Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Io ; ( The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science ) ;01-01-1998, Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Callisto; ( The Hutchinson Dictionaryof Science ) ; 01-01-1998, Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Europa; ( TheHutchinson Dictionary of Science ) ; 01-01-1998, Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998. Seeds, Michael A., Foundations of Astronomy; copyright 1994, Wadsworth Inc. Copyright ? 1997-1999 by Calvin J. Hamilton. Copyright ?

Receipt and Tracking of Documents COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Receipt and Tracking of Documents COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog During this time of year it is common for applicants to contact our office via email or by phone to see if documents sent to our office have been received. This is an extraordinarily busy time of year for us and we receive hundred of pieces of mail per day. It can take us up to three weeks to open, alphabetize, track, and file mail received. Here is a picture of a typical pile of mail received this time of year. As you can see, we can get a few feet of mail per day. The best way to stay up-to-date is to check the application site where we track documents. It is important to understand that our office recognizes the receipt date of when mail is received. For example, the deadline for the receipt of admission documents this year is January 5th, 2009. If a document sent to our office is received on December 27th and we do not open and track it until January 10th this does not mean that the document is late. Documents will be tracked with the receipt date, not the date it was opened, tracked, and filed.   We have three general pieces of advice regarding mail that is sent to our office during this busy season. First, if you send something to us we recommend that you use a tracking number. When a document is sent with a tracking number we must sign for it and you will receive a confirmation from the delivery company when we sign for it. When requesting that your transcripts be sent to us, we recommend that you ask your school to use a tracking number and to include your email on the receipt list. Most schools will charge a small fee for this. Second, the more time we can dedicate to processing mail the faster we can track documents on the application site for applicants to view. Time we dedicate to phone calls and emails regarding the receipt of documents takes away from our processing time. Thus we may not be able to respond to a request if someone calls asking about a specific document because with thousands of pieces of mail it may be impossible for us to search for individual documents.   So do not be surprised if we thank you for your inquiry but ask for your patience in continuing to check the application site as we try to work as quickly as we are able. Third, we do not begin to track documents until an application is submitted.   Therefore, the sooner you submit your application the sooner we can begin the tracking process.   When you submit an application it typically takes us a week to set up your file in the office so we can begin the tracking process. The sooner you submit your application and send documents to our office the better.   We encourage you to check the application site frequently where we track documents  and we appreciate your patience as we work hard to update the application site as quickly as we are able.   As long as documents are received prior to the deadline an application is considered to be on time.   It may take us up until January 15th to catch up with the mail so please allow us to go through our normal processes and we can work with you after January 15th if something is missing.

Vietnam After The Saigon Fall 1975 - 2642 Words

Vietnam After the Saigon Fall 1975 Overview Many books, magazine articles, and papers have been written about the Vietnam war and its consequences, but most are written from the perspective of an outsider looking in without actually living in Vietnam after the fall of Saigon in 1975. Few reporters ever came back to Vietnam to live there and describe day-to-day life in Vietnam after the war. Under the control of Communist rulers and an embargo from the US, Vietnam was almost isolated from the western world between 1975 and the very late eighties (one can recognize a similar pattern in North Korea now). Western reporters were not welcome or even permitted to enter Vietnam for reporting purposes without an agreement from government†¦show more content†¦The situation in Vietnam closely parallels that of the current situation in North Korea, and demonstrates why it is very hard to find good published reliable sources about that country: officially, none exist. The only reliable source of information about North Korea one c an find is from the experience of the people who have survived and escaped from North Korea; reports from its government are simply propaganda. Introduction Vietnam lies along the eastern coast of the Indochina peninsula in an â€Å"S† shape. It is about 1,650 km long and is from 50 to 560 km wide. Its area is about 329,560 sq. km--slightly larger than Mexico (CIA World Factbook). It is bordered on the north by China and the west by Laos and Cambodia. With a population of more than 81 million, Vietnam is one of the 15 most highly populated countries in the world. It is also one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia with many problems like pollution, uneven population distribution, and a very fragile economic infrastructure. History According to archaeological discoveries, around the fourth millennium BC and during the Bronze Age the first Vietnamese civilization, called Lac Viet (People of the Valley) was established in northern Vietnam. Lac Viet reached its prime in the third century BC before it was conquered by the Chinese ruling Han Dynasty in 207 BC (Booz 20). For the next thousand years Vietnam was

Old School Rap - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 760 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? However, the definition of all rap music of the eighties as old school rap seems to be more common nowadays, although musically it is not particularly useful. In the mid-1970s, hip hop split into two camps. One sampled disco and focused on getting the crowd dancing and excited, with simple or no rhymes ; these DJs included Pete DJ Jones, Eddie Cheeba, DJ Hollywood? and Love Bug Starski. On the other hand, another group were focusing on rapid-fire rhymes and a more complex rhythmic scheme. These included Afrika Bambaataa? , Paul Winley, Grandmaster Flash and Bobby Robinson. As the 70s became the 1980s, many felt that hip hop was a novelty fad that would soon die out. This was to become a constant accusation for at least the next fifteen years. Some of the earliest rappers were novelty acts, using the themes to Gilligan’s Island and using sweet doo wop-influenced harmonies. With the advent of recorded hip hop in the late 1970s, all the major elements and techniques of the genre were in place. Though not yet mainstream, it was well-known among African Americans, even outside of New York City ; hip hop could be found in cities as diverse as Los Angeles, Washington, Baltimore, Dallas, Kansas City, Miami, Seattle, St. Louis, New Orleans, and Houston. Philadelphia was, for many years, the only city whose contributions to hip hop were valued as greatly as New York City’s by hip hop purists and critics. Hip hop was popular there at least as far back as 1976 (first record : Rhythm Talk, by Jocko Henderson in 1979), and the New York Times dubbed Philly the Graffiti Capital of the World in 1971, due to the influence of such legendary graffiti artists as Cornbread. The first female solo artist to record hip hop was Lady B. (To the Beat Y’All, 1980), a Philly-area radio DJ. Later Schoolly D helped invent what became known as gangsta rap? The 1980s saw intense diversification in hip hop, which developed into a more complex form. The si mple tales of 1970s emcees were replaced by highly metaphoric lyrics rapping over complex, multi-layered beats. Some rappers even became mainstream pop performers, including Kurtis Blow? , whose appearance in a Sprite commercial made him the first hip hop musician to be considered mainstream enough to represent a major product, but also the first to be accused by the hip-hop audience of selling out. Another popular performer among mainstream audiences was LL Cool J, who was a success from the release of his first LP, Radio. Hip hop was almost entirely unknown outside of the United States prior to the 1980s. During that decade, it began its spread to every inhabited continent and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries. In the early part of the decade, breakdancing became the first aspect of hip hop culture to reach Germany, Japan and South Africa, where the crew Black Noise established the practice before beginning to rap later in the decade. Meanwhile, recorded h ip hop was released in France (Dee Nasty’s 1984 Paname City Rappin’) and the Philippines (Dyords Javier’s Na Onseng Delight and Vincent Dafalong’s Nunal). In Puerto Rico, Vico C became the first Spanish language rapper, and his recorded work was the beginning of what became known as reggaetonIn the 90s, gangsta rap became mainstream, beginning in about 1992, with the release of Dr. Dre’s The Chronic. This album established a style called G Funk, which soon came to dominate West Coast hip hop. Later in the decade, record labels based out of Atlanta, St. Louis and New Orleans gained fame for their local scenes. By the end of the decade, especially with the success of Eminem, hip hop was an integral part of popular music, and nearly all American pop songs had a major hip hop component. In the 90s and into the following decade, elements of hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music ; neo soul, for example, combined hip hop and soul music and produced some major stars in the middle of the decade, while in the Dominican Republic, a recording by Santi Y Sus Duendes and Lisa M became the first single of merenrap, a fusion of hip hop and merengue. In Europe, Africa and Asia, hip hop began to move from an underground phenomenon to reach mainstream audiences. In South Africa, Germany, France, Italy and many other countries, hip hop stars rose to prominence and gradually began to incorporate influences from their own country, resulting in fusions like Tanzanian Bongo Flava. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Old School Rap" essay for you Create order

Computing Architectures Free Essays

An organization s computer network is a major asset and needs extensive planning for proper function. The network design process is a long and arduous task that requires knowledge of the business need of the organization and the technical skills to achieve those needs. The network designer must first address the major problem of what architecture should be employed in a particular network. We will write a custom essay sample on Computing Architectures or any similar topic only for you Order Now The distributed approach and central approach are the two possible choices a network designer has to choose from. Background of Central Distributed ArchitecturesThere are two mainframe architectures for a network Central and Distributed. Both architectures employ mainframe computers that hold massive amounts of data, which are accessed by terminals, and whose location is not important to an end-user. An example would be an airline reservation system. Reservation data can be read and changed by an airline clerk, which is then sent to the mainframe to be updated. The system is updated in microseconds so another user does not see old information. The central architecture consists of one storage computer that holds data, whereas the distributed architecture consists of two or more, smaller mainframes physically separated to serve the same purpose. Advantages and Disadvantages of Central vs. Distributed Data StorageAdvantages of Central Architecture: less maintenance and changes must only be reflected at one site. Less maintenance is required on the overall network because there is only one mainframe, whereas in the distributed approach there are more mainframes to maintain. Secondly, changes that are entered into the system by a user need to be updated only at one mainframe instead of being changed at more than one. For example, John has made a reservation at 8:00 AM for Monday to mainframe A and currently it is updating itself. At the same time Linda is accessing mainframe B, which is not updated yet. She sees the 8:00 AM slot for Monday as open and reserves it for her customer. The data is now corrupt. This is a very simple example of what can happen with the distributed architecture. With the central architecture the data is updated in one place, leaving no room for error. Disadvantages of the Central Architecture: A higher load on the network is incurred due to having only one central data access point. Second, there is no data redundancy, which means, if the one mainframe goes down the network goes down. Third, unauthorized access would yield more data to a hacker compared to the distributed approach. Advantages of Distributed Architecture: more redundancy since there are more mainframes with same data, more secure because a hacker doesn t have access to all the data, and less susceptible for entire network to go down since all data is not stored in one place. Disadvantages of Distributed Architecture: More maintenance is required because there are more mainframes and data updates must be updated on more than one mainframe as stated earlier. Value of ProjectThe value of the project is enormous due to the information technology being a major asset for a company. Data retrieval and transportation is a vital part of most organizations and a must for a company to do business on any scale. That is why a network architecture decision must be made for the best data transfer method. The wrong choice will be a tremendous liability to an organization for two reasons: an undertaking of this kind is expensive and a network must grow as it gets older-meaning it must be planned out from the start correctly or else it will be of no worth later on. Methodology in Evaluation of Client Sever vs. Mainframe ArchitectureThe network designer has a set of predefined characteristics in order to choose the correct architecture for a particular network including: the physical size of the network, cost, efficiency, and performance. These are general determinants that must be taken into consideration before an architecture is chosen. SizeGenerally, a network that would reach globally, carry variable sized data, and have many users in different locations would be better suited for a distributed approach. The central approach would be ideal for a small branch office to a statewide network, with a maximum number of users at 1000, and carry continuous or steady traffic. CostA larger global network would be less concerned with cost, whereas a smaller network would be more concerned with it. Cost depends on the scale, amount of data that will be transmitted, complexity of work, etc. An installation of a network usually involves outside contractors with the aid of in-house network operators. The least cost will be determined by adding up work done by the outside vendors, equipment, software, consulting time, and proposals from different bidders. EfficiencyA standard measure in telecommunications is the 99% quality measure. A network should be totally operable, even if it is down 99% of a year. This can be tested before the installation takes place by running tests and simulations by vendors who are attempting to gain your business. PerformancePerformance will be reflected by the throughput of the network. How fast can data be delivered across the line to from the sender to the destination This will vary from the type of protocol used in both architectures depending on the type of data to be transported. This can also be tested with simulations. How to cite Computing Architectures, Essay examples

Ms Project free essay sample

In the previous lesson, the initial resource assignments were made for our project. But we need to learn how to make adjustments to how those resources are used. It is important that you read every part of this lab carefully, if not twice. Working with Effort-Driven Scheduling How a task reacts to the addition and removal of resources is defined by the scheduling method and the task type settings. In MS Project, the default scheduling method is effort-driven scheduling. Effort-driven scheduling extends or shortens the duration of a task to accommodate changes to resources but doesnt change the total work for the task. Work is the amount of effort, or number of hours, resources put into a task. The total work for a task is determined by the duration estimate for the task and the initial resource assignment using the following formula: Work = Duration * Units For example, say you give a task the duration of one day (or eight hours based upon a normal working day). If the initial resource assignment is two units (200%) of a particular resource, the total work for the task will be 16 hours. 16 hours = 1 Day (8 hours) * 200% As resources are added or removed after the initial assignment, the amount of work is not recalculated, but redistributed among the resources. In other words, the duration is recalculated, not the work: Duration = Work / Units So if you assign two more units of the previous resource or two different resources, the total work remains 16 hours; however, the 16 hours is now redistributed among the four resources (16 hours divided by 4 units equals 4 hours of work per resource). The duration is now . 5 days (4 hours). .5 Day (4 hours) = 16 hours / 400% Effort-driven scheduling assumes that the more (or fewer) resources you assign to a task will decrease (or increase) the duration of a task. If I can use more people, I can get done faster. The key to effort-driven scheduling is when you make that first assignment (when you press assign or press enter when entering resource assignments), that is when the amount of work is calculated and never changes when you make additional assignments or subtract resources. This effect is very important to understand! Lets demonstrate this effect. 1. Log onto Windows. 2. Open your completed file MyLab2_XXX. mpp. (or use the MyLab2_XXX. mpp file from Doc Sharing) Check the addendum at the end of this lesson to make sure your beginning file is correct. 3. Save as MyLab3_XXX. mpp, where XXX are your initials. 4. Make sure you are in Gantt chart view and your table is the task entry table. 5. From the View tab and the Task Views group, click Other Views and then More Views. 6. The More Views dialog box appears (figure 1). Select Task Entry and then press Apply. Figure 1 7. You will notice that your screen splits into two separate windows or panes again. 8. The top window or pane is your Gantt chart view with the entry table. The bottom pane is known as the task form window and contains many different formats. The default format you are looking at is known as the resources and predecessors detail view. We will use different detail formats in this window in coming labs. For now, remember this is the task form window. 9. In the top pane, click on task #3, Inventory Current Equipment. Notice in the lower pane, the resource assignment you made from the previous lab, Systems Administrator. Remember that you initially assigned two units of this resource. The duration you gave this task was 3 days (or 24 hours). When you made the assignment, the initial scheduling then calculated the work. Given the formula, work equals duration times units, 24 hours times 2 units equals 48 hours of work and that is what is in the work column for that resource. 10. Also notice the box Effort driven (next to the Previous button) is checked. That means that this task is using effort-driven scheduling. Also notice the textbox below it labeled Task Type and the phrase Fixed Units. We will be returning to this box shortly. 11. Again, making sure you have clicked on task #3, open the Assign Resources dialog box from the Resource tab (the one with the faces). 12. Change the number of units of the resource Systems Administrator to 300%. (Either type in 300 or use the up arrow and then press enter). (Figure 2). Figure 2 13. Notice in the lower pane the units of the resource changed to 300% and the work remained at 48 hours, but notice the duration of the task: it changed to 2 days. Why? Taking our formula that work equals duration times units, when we make any change after the initial calculation of work, work is not recalculated, but the duration is! Therefore (using our algebraic knowledge), duration is equal to work divided by units, or 48 hours divided by 3 units equals 16 hours or 2 days. Got it? Also remember the 48 hours is the cumulative amount of work for the three units. 14. But what happens if we now subtract some of the units? In your Assign Resources dialog box, change the units of Systems Administrator to 100%. What happened? Your work is still 48 hours, but since there is only one resource the duration is recalculated for 6 days (48 hours divided by 1 unit equals 48 hours or 6 days). 15. Change the units of resource for Systems Administrator back to the original 200%. Your duration should return to the original 3 days. 16. Since this was the same resource, what would happen if we added a different resource? 17. Click on Systems Analyst and make an assignment of 100%. (Click Assign button or Press Enter). 18. You should now see in the task form the name of Systems Analyst appear and in the work column the 48 hours of work is now distributed evenly among the three resources (2 Systems Administrators and one Systems Analyst), but it still totals 48 hours. The duration is now 2 days, because each unit will be working 16 hours or 2 days. 19. Close the Assign Resource and Keep this assignment of the Systems Analyst to this task. (Duration for project is now 40 days). Effort-driven scheduling can be turned off for individual tasks (or all tasks when you first created a project in the Tools Options Schedule). When effort-driven scheduling is turned off, total work increases (or decreases) when units of different resources are added (or subtracted) from the task. To see this effect: 1. Click on task #4, Assess Current Department Needs. In the lower pane (in the task form), make sure the Effort driven box is unchecked. . Press the OK button to effect the change. (You must do this! ) 3. Making sure youve clicked in the task #4 in the upper pane. 4. In the lower pane, add one unit (100%) of the Systems Analyst and one unit (100%) of the Systems Manager to this task and press OK. 5. Notice the duration remains at two days, but each of the units is assigned the same amount of work (16 hours). You would do this if you know each of your resources is doing different work within the tasks duration and they are a different resource. (See figure 3). Figure 3 6. Keep these assignments for this task. . But what if we turn off effort-driven scheduling, but add additional units of the same resource? What happens? Here is where it can get confusing and you must reflect on what is happening behind the scenes and the effect task type has on scheduling. 8. Click on task #7, Research Products and Services. Your task form should show the resource Systems Analyst, 50% under the Units column and 28 hours of work (50% of 7 days/56 hours, is 28 hours). 9. Make sure the Effort driven box in is Unchecked the task form and click on OK. 10. Change the 50% to 100%, and click OK. What happened? Notice the work stayed at 28 hours (in other words, work was not recalculated), but the duration changed to 3. 5 days! We would have expected that work should have been recalculated to 56 hours and the duration to stay the same. 11. Keep this assignment. The task type setting also has an effect on how tasks are scheduled. There are three task types: Fixed Units, Fixed Duration and Fixed Work. Using one of these types, any variable in the standard equation of Work = Duration * Units can be controlled. When Fixed Units task type is used (and it is the default), the duration of the task is affected. Fixed Unit tasks are also called Resource-driven tasks. Assigning additional units of the same resource will decrease the schedule, not the work! Therefore, work remains at 28 hours, but duration is recalculated by dividing the work by the new number of units (28 hours divided by 1 equals 28 hours or 3. 5 days). To help you, here is a table to explain the effect of effort-driven with fixed unit task type: Example: Task X has a duration of 2 weeks, and initial resource assignment of one unit of Resource A, and therefore an initial total work of 80 hours. Fixed Unit With Effort Driven| Duration| Units| Work| Add one unit of same resource (A)| 1 week| 200% of Resource A| 40 hours each 80 hours total| Add one unit of different resource (B)| 1 week| 100% of Resource A 100% of Resource B| 40 hours 40 hours 80 hours total| Fixed Unit Without Effort Driven| Duration| Units| Work| Add one unit of same resource (A)| 1 week| 200% of Resource A| 40 hours each 80 hours total| Add one unit of diff erent resource (B)| 2 weeks| 100% of Resource A 100% of Resource B| 80 hours 80 hours 160 hours total| At this point, this all seems very confusing I assure you. Actually, fixed units sounds like a bad term for this task type. But if you notice from the table, the key is really effort driven. If a task is effort-driven, the philosophy says that the more resources, regardless of being the same resource or a different resource, work remains the same, but the duration will be affected. If a task is not effort-driven, but a fixed unit or resource-driven task, duration will only be affected if you add or subtract the number of units of the same resource! But what if you want to ensure that the duration of a task never changes? You can control that by changing the task type to Fixed Duration. Lets see that effect: 1. Keep the assignment you just made on Task #7 (100% of Systems Analyst), and now click on task #9, Issue RFPs. The resource assignment is the Project Manager. The duration is 7 days therefore work has been calculated as 56 hours of work based upon 1 unit (100%). 2. In the task form in the bottom pane, change the task type to fixed duration by choosing from the pull-down men, and check the effort-driven box). (Figure 4) Figure 4 3. Press OK to effect the change. 4. Add the Financial Officer (100%) to this task and press the OK button. What happened? Figure 5 The Project Manager and Financial Officer are both assigned 28 hours worth of work over 7 days. If a task has the task type Fixed Duration, the duration of the task remains the same (fixed) when resources are added or removed; however work for each resource could be allocated differently depending on whether it is the same resource or a different resource. Here is a chart of how effort-driven scheduling could affect the workload of a resource (but not the task duration) when designating a task type of Fixed Duration: Example: Task X has a duration of 2 weeks, and initial resource assignment of one unit of Resource A, and therefore an initial total work of 80 hours. | Fixed Duration With Effort Driven| Duration| Units| Work| Add one unit of same resource (A)| 2 weeks| 200% of Resource A| 80 hours each 160 hours total| Add one unit of different resource (B)| 2 weeks| 50% of Resource A 50% of Resource B| 40 hours 40 hours 80 hours total| Fixed Duration Without Effort Driven| Duration| Units| Work| Add one unit of same resource (A)| 2 weeks| 200% of Resource A| 80 hours each 160 hours total| Add one unit of different resource (B)| 2 weeks| 100% of Resource A 100% of Resource B| 80 hours 80 hours 160 hours total| Lets try this table to see if we can predict the effect of our scheduling: 1. Make sure task #9 (Issue RFPs) is selected in the upper pane. 2. In the lower pane, Select the Financial Officer and press the delete key to remove the Financial Officer. Press OK. 3. The task form should show the Project Manager back to 100% assignment and 56 hours of work. 4. In the task form, uncheck the effort-driven box and press OK. 5. Making sure you are still on task #9 again. Add the Financial Officer and assign him back to the task (100%). What happened? 6. According to the above chart, if effort-driven is turned off and the task type is Fixed Duration, adding one unit of a different resource will not change the duration (it is still 7 days), but each resource will be assigned the same amount of work, 56 hours. (Keep this assignment as is). The last task type is Fixed Work. Fixed work means the total work for the task will remain the same when resources are added or subtracted. Only the duration and units are affected in a Fixed Work type task, but inversely. A Fixed Work task can only be effort-driven. To see this effect: 1. Click on task #10, Evaluate Bids. Notice that the Project Manager was initially assigned to this task for 100% or 40 hours of total work. 2. Change the task type to Fixed Work in the task form and Press OK. (Notice the effort-driven checkbox is grayed out). 3. Assign one unit (100%) of Financial Officer to this task. What happened? Notice the work stayed at 40 hours, but the work was distributed between the two resources and the duration was changed to 2. 5 days. Why is the duration 2. 5 days or 20 hours? Keep this assignment change). 4. Click on the task #13, Purchase Equipment. Notice we have assigned . 5 (or 50%) of the Financial Officer to this task. Since the initial duration was given as 4 days, 50% of 4 days is 2 days or 16 hours. 5. Change the task type of this task to Fixed Work. Press OK. 6. Change the percentage of the Financial Officer from 50% to 100%. What happened? Why did duration of the task change t o 2 days? 7. Change the percentage of the Financial Officer back to 50%. (Very important for the next section). Duration changed back to 4 days. Why? (Keep this ssignment as is). (Your project should now be at a total duration of 37. 25 days; if not, check previous instructions). 8. If it appears that Fixed Work is similar to effort-driven, you are not far off the mark. Again, all this is very confusing, I assure you, but hopefully it encourages you to think about your initial assignments and what affect adding or subtracting resources has on your schedule and workload. Another chart you can use to determine what changes in MS Project when you change task types and what is recalculated is: | | And you change†¦| †¦thenMS Project Recalculates this| If your Task Type is†¦| | Duration| Units| Work| | | Fixed Duration| Work| Work| Units| | | Fixed Units| Work| Duration| Duration| | | Fixed Work| Units| Duration| Duration| | Perhaps the best advice is the following: 1. Leave all tasks as effort-driven, fixed units unless the duration absolutely needs to remain fixed. Fixed durations are rare. Tasks such as waiting 1 hour after swimming may seem like a fixed duration, but can be best handled by using lag times. (Actually the above is really not a task). A better example of a fixed duration task would be driving a truck. If we estimate that to drive a truck from Seattle to Spokane will take about 4 1/2 hours, it does not matter how many drivers we assign to the task, it will still take 4 1/2 hours. 2. If you want to assign two resources (or people) to a task and each is doing different work, it is best to split the task into two tasks. For example, in the current project, we have assigned the Project Manager and the Financial Officer to the same task, Issue RFPs. If the Project Manager is working on the technical section of the RFP and the Financial Office is working on the financing requirements of the RFP, hen it is best to split Issue RFPs into two different tasks (such as Write Technical Requirements and Write Financial Requirements) and assign each resource to the task they are responsible. Resource Contours One other assumption made by MS Project when you assign a resource to a task: that work is evenly distributed throughout the duration of the task. For example, in our previous task, Purchase Equipment, we said that the Financial Officer would be devoting 16 hours over 4 days to complete the task. Those 16 hours are then evenly distributed over the 4 days (or 4 hours per day). This is known as a flat contour. A contour defines how scheduled work is distributed over the duration of a task. You can change this distribution or use several preset contours to a resource. To see this contour: 1. From the Task tab and in the Properties group, click on Details twice to remove the split. 2. You should now have just the Gantt chart view on your screen. 3. From the View tab and the Task Views group, select Task Usage. Your screen should look similar to figure 6. (You may need to use the vertical and horizontal scroll bars to get to the top of the table and to see the appropriate dates on the right). Figure 6 4. On the left you will see your tasks and under each task are the names of the resources assigned to the task. On the right are the work details in calendar form. 5. Move the divider between the left and right panes to the right of the Duration column. Expand the task name column so that you can see all of the information. 6. Using the right scroll bar, scroll down to the task, Purchase Equipment and click on it to highlight it. 7. Click on Financial Officer directly below. 8. On the Task tab and on the far right in the Editing group, click on the Scroll to Task button. 9. To the right, you will see the 16 hours evenly distributed over four days (4 hours per day). (Figure 7 ). However we can change that distribution manually. Figure 7 10. In the first cell that says four hours (make sure you stay in the same row as the Financial Officer, change the first day to 6 hours, the second day to 5 hours and the third day to 1 hour. (Figure 8) The fourth day we will not change. Figure 8 What we have done is created a custom contour, and while MS Project has preset contours, I recommend that you do these manually. Keep in mind, however, that your duration may change based upon the task type. At this point, return to the Gantt chart view. Save your file and print out the following reports: (use proper header/footer information) 1. Project Summary Report. 2. A Task Usage Report (under Workload category). 3. A Resource Usage Report (under Workload category). When submitting required printouts, if you are not bringing them to class, from the Print Preview Page, take a screen shot (in Windows lt;ALTgt;lt;Prt Scrgt;) of the report and paste the screen shot to a MS Word Document. Make sure to crop the screen to show only the report. After cropping, resize the image appropriately. If the printout is on more than 1 page, paste each page individually. Save the Word document containing printouts as Week_3_Printouts_XXX. docx (where XXX are your initials) and submit this file to the Weekly iLab Dropbox. Checkpoint (From Project Information Statistics) Addendum Task Information for the Beginning of Lesson 3 Project Information Statistics at the Beginning of Lesson 3 When you have completed this lesson please save it as MyLab3_xxx. mpp and submit the file to the Weekly iLab Dropbox. Also complete the following page and submit the Review Question sheet to the Weekly iLab Dropbox. Review Questions Name ____________________________ Answer the following questions (use MS Project help if necessary): 1) Define effort-driven? 2) Under what circumstances would you turn off effort driven scheduling? 3) Use a real-world example of when you would make a task as a Fixed Duration type task? 4) What is the formula for calculating duration? 5) What are the eight preset work contours (hint: In the Task Usage view right click on a resource name an open the assignment information box) and what are the procedures in applying them to a resource on a task? Turn in this sheet with your MS Project file to the Week 3 iLab Dropbox.